Pronouns in English are one of the important aspects of grammar as they replace nouns making the sentence free from redundancy. There are different categories of such pronouns each performing some specific duty in the communication process. In this paper, we will state the most commonly used three classes of pronouns which are Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. The use of personal pronominal forms in speech allows a more natural and smooth sentence construction.

1. Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are used to refer to people, animals, or things and replace a particular word. They consist of three categories: subject pronouns, object pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.

Subject Pronouns

Depending on the context, subject pronouns can be used. Also, the actions performed in a sentence are referred to by subject pronouns. So, the core subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

• I : is a way in which a writer or speaker addresses himself.
• You : is the term associated with a person who is being talked or written about.
• He : refers to a person who is male.
• She : refers to a person who is female.
• It : is the term that refers to an animal, an object, or an idea which is not human.
• We : refers to a group in which the speaker is included
• They : It is used to talk about more than one person, animal, or object.

Object Pronouns

In sharp distinction to the subject pronouns, the object pronouns are those which receive the action of the verb in a sentence. They come after the verb and prepositions. The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

• Me : Makes it clear that the speaker is the object.
• You : Is a person being spoken to; serves as a subject and object.
• Him : Refers to a male person as an object.
• Her : Is used to refer to females as objects.
• It : An object that is either a noun or an animal.
• Us : Meaning a person and others who are maintained as one group.
• Them : Is a group of people who are addressed in the third person.

Reflexive Pronouns

The self-referential pronouns are referred to as reflexive pronouns in that they delegate the action of the verb back to a subject in a given sentence, thereby suggesting that the two nouns in the sentence refer to the same person or thing. Pronouns of this type have the suffix of -self (when singular) or -selves (when plural). Reflexive pronouns include myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Reflexive pronouns are special because they come into play only where the subject is the function of the action performed. For instance, in the example, "She prepared herself for the meeting." the reflexive pronoun is the self in the context of the subject forming the statement.

2. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns play the communicative role of showing ownership or possession. Accordingly, they take the place of a noun and the pronouns who or what possesses something. There are two categories of possessive pronouns: possessive adjectives and independent possessive pronouns.

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives show a relationship of ownership over a noun. These include my, your, his, her, its, our, their. A noun of possession always follows. For instance, "This is my book." In this case, the possessive pronoun may clarify who the owner of the book is.

Independent Possessive Pronouns

All independent possessive pronouns omit the noun completely as these stand alone provisions. So it includes mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

As these pronouns have possession features already, there is no need to provide a noun as reference. In terms of 'This book is mine, the book is known to belong to the speaker.

Key differences: Possessive adjectives always accompany a noun, while independent possessive pronouns do not. For example, one may say "That is my car" (possessive adjective) instead of "That car is mine" (possessive pronoun).

3. Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun brings attention to specific people, animals, or things. The focus of these pronouns is whether the noun is physically close or distant to the speaker, and whether it is one or more in number. The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, those.

This and These

• The noun that is close to the speaker is referred to by this.
• The nouns that are close to the speaker are referred to as these.

Talking about something that is conceptually or physically close to oneself, one would use "this" or "these" depending on singular or plural forms. For example, "This is a great idea" (singular) or "These are the best shoes" (plural).

That and Those

• A singular noun that in comparison with the speaker is at a greater distance, is referred to as that.
• A plural noun that in comparison with the speaker is at a relative greater distance is referred to as those.

To describe something that is physically unavailable, one would use "that" or "those" for members of smaller or larger groups respectively. For example, "That is the tallest building" (singular) or "Those are my favourite books" (plural).

Usage in context: Demonstrative pronouns may also be used for emphasis on particular factors. For instance, a presenter may, for instance, say, "These are the results of our survey" and point to the visual data presented, or alternatively, one may, for example, refer to something already stated by saying, "That was a wonderful performance."

Contrasts and Similarities in Using Pronouns

The three categories of pronouns—personal, possessive, and demonstrative—differ from one another in the grammatical function; nonetheless, these categories are used in one sentence in most cases to lessen word repetitions while clarifying one's idea. For example, there is a pattern such that a sentence starts with a stated personal pronoun, continues with a possessing adjective, and concludes with a demonstrative: "She (personal pronoun) took her (possessive adjective) coat and left those (demonstrative pronoun) behind."

The main distinction is that personal pronouns and possessive pronouns often are used to refer to certain individuals, people or objects while the latter category states more about pointing and distance.

Mistakes with Pronouns: Errors Common-Pronoun Usage

When speaking or writing, using pronouns should involve two things; agreement and clarity:

• Pronoun- antecedent agreement : The pronoun has to be compatible with the noun it is replacing. For example, a sentence like "Each student must bring his book" again refers to one student and ignores women's contribution. Instead, it should be stated as "Each student must bring his or her book."
• Clarity : When using pronouns, be precise as to what noun the pronoun is replacing. Do not abuse the use of pronouns when constructing long sentences as it may confuse the reader on which noun the pronoun stands for. For example, in the sentence:" John talked to Mark, and he said he would help him," "he" may refer to either John or Mark.

The use of pronouns correctly will preserve the idea and meaning of sentences while eliminating vagueness.

Learning these variations of pronouns and using them appropriately while communicating will enhance the effectiveness of communicating in English. Personal pronouns eliminate the unnecessary repetition of nouns in a sentence, possessive pronouns tell who owns what, and demonstrative pronouns indicate particular objects or ideas. All of them, in one way or another, assist in daily conversations as well as writing.